This site has been optimised for usage with Internet Explorer 7 or higher.

It appears you may be using an earlier version than IE7 in which case some features may not display or may display error messages. You can upgrade your internet browser for free on the following links, this will allow you to fully explore the Pfizer Vaccines website.

Mozilla Firefox
Google Chrome
Internet Explorer 8
No, thanks, just continue.

Welcome to the Pfizer Vaccines website. Please select one of the options below.
If you are a member of the public and would like to learn about vaccines, the national immunisation programme and find out who is at risk from common infections, please select the public button.



Please check all boxes.

If you are healthcare professional practising in the UK, please check the appropriate boxes and select the HCP button where you will find a range of professional resources to support your practice and help educate your patients.




     > Compliance > References

    References

                      

     PopupText
    Report of the Director of Immunisation April 2009, p17.
    Department of Health, Introduction of Prevenar 13® into the Childhood Immunisation Programme. Click to link Accessed 28 January 2011.
    Department of Health, PL CMO (2006) 1: Important changes to the childhood immunisation programme. Click to link Accessed 28 January 2011.
    Department of Health, Public health, Immunisation. Click to link Accessed 28 January 2011.
    Department of Health, Seasonal Flu. Click to link Accessed 3 January 2010.
    HPA, Frequently asked questions on influenza. Click to link Accessed 8 January 2011.
    NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries, Patient information leaflet, Seasonal flu. Click to link Accessed 01 January 2011.
    NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement Click to link Accessed 19 June 2009.
    Department of Health, Seasonal Flu Vaccination, Who should have it and why. Click to link Accessed 3 January 2010.
    HPA, Topics, Infectious Diseases, Pneumococcal Epidemiological Data. Click to link Accessed 13 January 2010.
    Kaye P et al, HPA Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) in England & Wales after 7 Valent Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7). Potential impact of 10 and 13 valent vaccines. Click to link Accessed 13 January 2010.
    Meningitis UK, Meningitis, The Disease, Facts and Figures. Click to link Accessed 06 January 2011.
    Prevenar 13, Summary of Product Characteristics. Click to link Accessed 05 February 2011.
    Djuretic T, Ryan MJ, Miller E et al. Hospital admissions in children due to pneumococcal pneumonia in England. J Infect 1998; 37: 54-58.
    Froom J, Culpepper L, Jacobs M et al. Antimicrobials for acute otitis media? A review from the International Primary Care Network. Brit Med J 1997; 315: 98-102.
    Department of Health, Introduction of Prevenar 13 into the Childhood Immunisation Programme. Click to link Accessed 18 January 2011.
    NHS Direct, Patient Leaflet, Otitis Media. Click to link Accessed 07 January 2011.
    Baraff LJ, Lee SI, Schriger DL. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 389-394.
    Meningitis Research Foundation, Viral Meningitis. Click to link Accessed 28 February 2011.
    Meningitis Trust, Meningitis Information,Viral Meningitis. Click to link Accessed 09 January 2011.
    Patient UK, Health, Meningitis and Septicaemia. Click to link Accessed 14 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Pneumonia, Causes. Click to link Accessed 24 February 2011.
    NHS Choices, The power of vaccines. Click to link Accessed 17 January 2011.
    HPA, Goals and Programmes, Key Health Protection Programmes. Click to link Accessed 13 January 2011.
    WHO, Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Click to link Accessed 10 January 2011.
    Enzira, Summary of Product Characteristics. Click to link Accessed 06 February 2011.
    Meningitis Trust, Meningitis Info, Treatment. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    BBC Health, Bird flu. Click to link Accessed 8 January 2011.
    Department of Health, Pandemic flu: a national framework for responding to an influenza pandemic. Click to link Accessed 8 January 2011.
    NHS, Explaining Pandemic Flu. Click to link Accessed 01 January 2011.
    NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries, Patient information leaflet, Swine flu. Click to link 8 January 2011.
    WHO, Pandemic preparedness. Click to link Accessed 8 January 2011.
    Mangtani P, et al. A cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the United Kingdom general practice research database. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 Jul 1; 190(1): 1-10
    NHS Choices, Seasonal Flu Symptoms. Click to link Accessed 8 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Swine flu latest from the NHS. Click to link Accessed 8 January 2011.
    NHS Direct, Patient Leaflet: Seasonal Flu. Click to link Accessed 04 January 2011.
    WHO Recommended viruses for influenza vaccines for use in the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere influenza season. Click to link Accessed 03 January 2011.
    WHO, Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A/(H5N1) Reported to WHO. Click to link Accessed 03 January 2011.
    Department of Health, Immunisation against infectious disease, Green Book Chapter 19 May 2011. Click to link Accessed June 2011.
    Aniansson G, et al. A prospective cohort study on breast-feeding and otitis media in Swedish infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Mar;13(3):183-8. Accessed 17 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Can passive smoking be harmful. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Otitis media, Symptoms. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Meningitis in Children. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Meningitis Symptoms. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    Meningitis Risk Factors, Meningitis, Neurology Channel. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    Meningitis Risk Factors, Meningitis Center, Everyday Health. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    Patient UK, Health, Meningitis and Septicaemia. Click to link Accessed 14 January 2011.
    NetDoctor, Pneumonia. Click to link Accessed 05 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Pneumonia, Introduction. Click to link Accessed 05 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Pneumonia, Treatment. Click to link Accessed 05 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Pneumonia, Symptoms. Click to link Accessed 28 January 2011.
    Patient UK, Flu-like illness. Click to link Accessed 05 January 2011.
    BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: Update 2009. Thorax 2009; 64(Suppl III):iii1–iii55. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.121434 Accessed 05 January 2011.
    Meningitis UK, Meningitis, The Disease, Types, Bacterial Meningitis, Meningococcal. Click to link Accessed 06 January 2011.
    Patient Healthcare, Meningitis, Prevention. Click to link Accessed 14 January 2011.
    Department of Health, Public health, Immunisation. Click to link Accessed 18 January 2011.
    HPA, Vaccination Immunisation. Click to link Accessed 10 January 2011.
    HPA, Vaccination Schedule. Click to link Accessed 10 January 2011.
    NHS, Routine childhood immunisations from November 2010. Click to link Accessed 10 January 2011.
    NHS Choices, Otitis Media, Causes. Click to link Accessed 24 February 2011.
    Home Health UK, Ear Infection Information. Click to link Accessed 24 February 2011.
    McIntosh EDG et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales: what is the true burden and what is the potential for prevention using 7 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 403-406
    Eskola J et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. NEJM 2001; 344: 403-409.
    Patient UK, Health, Ear Infection (Otitis Media). Click to link Accessed 25 February, 2011
    NHS Choices, Otitis media, Who is affected by otitis media. Click to link Accessed 24 February 2011.
    Department of Health, Immunisation, Key Vaccine Information. Click to link Accessed 7 March 2011.
    NHS Direct, Colds and Flu Advice. Click to link Accessed 7 March 2011.
    Ispahani P et al. Twenty year surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Nottingham: serogroups responsible and implications for immunisation. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89: 757-762.
    HPA, Background information, Meningitis / Meningococcal. Click to link Accessed 25 February 2011
    Department of Health, Immunisation against infectious disease, Green Book Chapter 22 December 2010. Click to link Accessed 1 March 2011.
    WHO, Meningococcal Meningitis. Click to link Accessed 25 February 2011
    Department of Health – Green Book Chapter 25 Click to link
    HPA, Pneumococcal disease. Click to link Accessed 28 February 2011
    NHS Choices, Otitis media, Symptoms. Click to link Accessed 27 January 2011.
    Department of Health, Immunisation against infectious disease Green Book Chapter 25. Click here Accessed 1 March 2011.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report April 4, 1997; 46(RR-8): 1-24. Available at Click to link Accessed November 2010.
    Department of Health, Immunisation against infectious disease, Green Book Chapter 22 December 2010. Click to link Accessed 1 March 2011
    NHS Choices, Pneumonia, Prevention. Click to link Accessed 8 March 2011.
    Department of Health, Vaccinations at 12 and 13 months of age. Click to link Accessed 07 February 2011.
    HPA, Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Click to link Accessed 06 February 2011.
    Kieninger DM et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunologic noninferiority of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given with routine pediatric vaccinations in Germany. Vaccine 2010; 28: 4192-4203
    Meningitec, Summary of Product Characteristics. Click to link Accessed 22 December 2010.
    Department of Heath, Local coordinators toolkit: Key information. Click to link Accessed 2 March 2011.
    Trotter C, Stuart JM, George R et al. Increasing hospital admissions for pneumonia, England. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:727-733. Accessed 18 August 2011.
    Pfizer data on file - Prevenar distribution figures
    HPA, Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Meningococcal Disease England & Wales. Click to link Accessed 25 January 2011.
    Department of Health, Immunisation against infectious disease, Green Book Chapter 21. May 2010 Click to link Accessed 30 March 2011.
    WHO Regional Office for Europe. European Detailed Mortality Database. Click to link Accessed 31 March 2011.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Seasonal Flu Vaccine. Frequently Asked Questions. Click to link Accessed March 2011.
    National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. TA168 Influenza - zanamivir, amantadine and oseltamivir (review): guidance. Click to link Accessed 10 March 2011.
    Department of Health 2010. Influenza Season 2010/11 – Use of antivirals. Click to link Accessed 01 April 2011.
    Jerome O. Klein, Otitis Media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 19, No. 5 (Nov., 1994), pp. 823-832. Click to link Accessed 14 April 2011.
    O’Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumonia in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009 Sep 12; 374(9693):893-902.
    Woodford N, Livermore D. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: a review of the global challenge. J Infect 2009; 59(S1): S4-S16.
    Health Protection Agency website. General information on Pneumococcal Disease. General Information on Pneumococcal Disease. Click to link Accessed July 2011.
    Randle et al., 2011 Invasive pneumococcal disease. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed (2011). doi:10.1136/2 of 8 adc.2010.191718.
    Meningitis Research Foundation, Counting the cost. Click to link Accessed 22/08/11.
    HPA, Protecting the health of the Nation's children: the benefit of vaccines. May 2005. Click to link Accessed August 2011.
    Duggan, S.T. (2010) Pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (13-valent, adsorbed) [Prevenar 13®]. Drugs. 70(15):1973-1976
    Fedson, D.S; Musher, D.N; Eskola, J. (1999) Pneumococcal vaccine. In: Plotkin, S.A. and Orenstein, W.A. (Eds) Vaccine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
    Harrison, L.H. (2006) Prospects for vaccine prevention of meningococcal infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 19(1):142-164.
    Health Protection Agency (2010) Vaccination of Individuals with Uncertain or Incomplete Immunisation Status. An algorithm to assist the prompt vaccination of individuals. London:HPA. Available from: Click to link Last accessed 18.06.11.
    Jong, E.C. and Zuckerman, J.N. (2004) Traveler’s Vaccines. London: BC Decker Inc.
    Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (2011) Black Triangle Scheme. Available from: Click to link Accessed 18.06.11.
    NHS Choices (2009) What is the Law on the Sale of Medicines? Available from: Click to link Accessed on 18.06.11.
    National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2009) Reducing the Differences in the Uptake of Immunisation (Including Targeted Vaccines) Among children and Young People Aged Under 19 years. London:NICE. Available from: Click to link Last accessed 18.06.11.
    Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Standards for Medicines Management. NMC:London. Available from: Click to linkAccessed 18.06.11.
    Paradiso, P.R. (2011) Advances in pneumococcal disease prevention: 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants and children. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52(10):1241-1247.
    Van Gils, E.J.M. et al (2009) Effect of reduced-dose schedules with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in children. JAMA. 302(2):159-167.
    Yeh, SH et al (2010) Immunogenicity and Safety of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Infants and Toddlers. Pediatrics,126(3):e493-505.
    Spoulou et al., 2005; Immunogenicity and immunological memory induced by a 7-valent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine in symptomatic HIV-1 infected children; Vaccine Volume 23, Issues 46-47, 16 November 2005, Pages 5289-5293
    Black et al., 2002; Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than five years of age for prevention of pneumonia; Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2002;21:810–15
    Clarke, 2006; Control of pneumococcal disease in the United Kingdom – the start of a new era; Journal of Medical Microbiology (2006), 55, 975–980
    De Roux et al. Comparison of pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide and free polysaccharide vaccines in elderly adults: conjugate vaccine elicits improved antibacterial immune responses and immunological memory. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46: 1015-23
    Department of Health (2011) Immunisation Against Infectious Disease. Green Book Chapter 1. Available from: Click to linkLast accessed 26.09.11
    Department of Health (2011) Immunisation Against Infectious Disease. Green Book Chapter 3 August 2011. Available from: Click to linkLast accessed 26.09.11
    Department of Health (2011) Immunisation Against Infectious Disease. Green Book Chapter 4 March 2011. Available from:Click to link Accessed 26.09.11
    Department of Health (2011) Immunisation Against Infectious Disease. Green Book Chapter 6 September 2008. Available from:Click to link Accessed 26.09.11
    Jardine et al., 2010; Reduction in Hospitalizations for Pneumonia Associated With the Introduction of a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination Schedule Without a Booster Dose in Australia; Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29: 607–612)
    Johnstone et al., 2010; Impact of the Pneumococcal Vaccine on Long-Term Morbidity and Mortality of Adults at High Risk for Pneumonia; Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 51(1):15–22
    O’Brien (2007) Combined schedules of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines: is hyporesponsiveness an issue? Lancet Infect Dis. 2007; 7: 597–606
    Miller E et al. Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11(10): 760-768.
    Health Protection Agency. Pneumococcal Epidemiological data Click to link
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccines Preventable Diseases. The Pink Book. 11th Edition. May 2009.
    Weinberger DM et al. Biology of Immune Responses to Vaccines in Elderly Persons. CID 2008:46 (1 April)
    CDC Update. Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine. MMWR. 1989; 38(1): 14. Click to link
    CDC Update. Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1997; 46(RR-08);1-24. Click to link (25 of 25) [2/20/2009 1:06:47 PM]
    CA Siegrist et al. B-cell responses to vaccination at the extremes of age. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:185-194.
    AJ Pollard et al. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Nat Rev. 2009;9:213-220A
    Lazarus R et al. A randomized study comparing combined pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccination schedules in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52(6): 736-742.
    Pneumovax II Summary of Product Characteristics (22 June 2011), Sanofi Pasteur MSD. Click to link
    Makela PH, Kayhty H. Evolution of conjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2002 1(3): 399-410.
    Kyaw MH et al. Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 2006; 354(14): 1455-1463.
    Department of Health, Immunisation against infectious disease Green Book Chapter 25. October 2011. Click to link
    Butler JC, Schuchat A. Epidemiology of pneumococcal infections in the elderly. Drugs & Aging. 1999; 15 Suppl. 1: 11-19.
    Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. JAMA 2009; 301(16): 1649-1652.
    ECDC. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe. Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2009. Click to link
    ECDC. Surveillance report. Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2009. Revised edition. Click to link
    Harboe ZB et al. Pneumococcal serotypes and mortality following invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based cohort study. Plos Medicine 2009; 6(5): e1000081 Published online 2009 May 26. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000081.Click to link
    Jansen AGSC et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among adults: associations among serotypes, disease characteristics, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:e23–e29.
    Linares J et al. Changes in antimicrobial resistance, serotypes and genotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae over a 30-year period. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 402–410.
    Weinberger DM et al. Association of serotype with risk of death due to pneumococcal pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51(6): 692–699.
    Whitney CG. Preventing pneumococcal disease. ACIP recommends pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for all adults age ≥65. Geriatrics 2003; 58(10): 20-25.
    WHO 2004 Global immunisation data. Click to link
    WHO. Initiative for vaccine research. Acute Respiratory Infections Streptococcus pneumoniae Update September 2009. Click to link
    WHO. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Position paper. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 2008; 83(42): 373–384 (2008). Click to link
    Carlos G Grijalva et al. The Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol 11 Number 11. Click to link Accessed October 2011
    Melegaro A et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales. J Vaccine. 2004 22; 4203-4214
    Inverarity D et al. Death or survival from IPD in Scotland. J Med Microbiol. 2011:60 (PT6):793-802
    Data on file. HPA communication to Pfizer
    Bedford H, de Louvois J, Halket S et al. Meningitis in infancy in England and Wales: follow up at five years. BMJ 2001;323:533
    YouGov Consumer survey data: November 2011. Pfizer data on file